| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Ruth Hall (scientist) ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Ruth Hall (scientist)
Ruth Milne Hall, AM, FAAS, FAAM (born 6 August 1945) is an Australian microbiologist whose research on mobile genetic elements in bacteria identified the mechanism for spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. She attended Hornsby Girls High School, graduated from the University of Sydney with a BSc(hons) (1966) and MSc (1968) before taking up a scholarship for PhD on bacterial genetics in the MRC Microbial Genetics Unit at the University of Edinburgh (awarded 1971).〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=13 August 2014 )〕 Her research on integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in cassettes undertaken at CSIRO Molecular and Cell Biology Unit contributed to understanding how bacteria become resistant to many antibiotics simultaneously, and to recognition of the risks posed in increased antibiotic use in medicine and agriculture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=13 August 2014 )〕 After her research unit at CSIRO was closed (2003) she returned to the University of Sydney, where her research on the molecular genetics and genomics of bacterial antibiotic resistance has identified further mechanisms for gene transfer between gram negative bacteria. She has been recognized with the highest awards in Australia for microbiology, received the McFarlane Burnet Medal in 2012, the Order of Australia Medal in 2014〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://sydney.edu.au/news/molecular_bioscience/1893.html?newsstoryid=13217 )〕 and was inducted into the National Health and Medical Research Council Hall of Fame in 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Celebrating outstanding health contributions )〕
== Research ==
Bacteria can adapt rapidly to environmental pressures, including antibiotic use, through acquisition of further genes, and Hall has investigated the role of mobile genetic elements in the development of multiple antibiotic resistance and in bacterial evolution using different Gram negative pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumanni . Hall's work has characterized a variety of mobile elements, including plasmids, genomic islands, transposons, gene cassettes and integrons. Gene cassettes are mobile genetic units each carrying only one gene which can be readily transferred into and between larger, stable genetic backbones called integrons that are responsible for moving the cassettes. The integron is also responsible for expression of the genes in cassettes. This exchange of genes between different bacteria enables rapid emergence of resistance under selection pressure of antibiotics. Hall's recent work has identified large antibiotic resistance gene clusters, including genomic resistance islands in ''Salmonella'', in ''Klebsiella pneumonia'' and in ''Acinetobacter baumanni'' and examines their evolution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=University of Sydney / Faculty of Science / Academic Staff )〕 Multiple antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumanni is now being tracked using whole genome analysis. Spread of resistance between individuals is an increased risk among hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients with Hall's work identifying the role of commensal bacteria, including ''E.coli'' in the human colon in spread of genes. Resistance genes can also reach the human food chain through subtherapeutic antibiotic use as growth promotants in animal production, with Hall contributing to JETACAR (Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance), which, in 2000, developed Australian Government policy on antibiotic use in agriculture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=13 August 2014 )〕 The risks of the rise of "superbugs" from the gene exchange processes described by Hall are recognized internationally as a threat to human health (WHO report on antibiotic resistance, May 2014).〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=13 August 2014 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Ruth Hall (scientist)」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|